Recent developments in textile-based pH sensors for non-invasive medical applications
Keywords:
pH sensors, pH-sensitive dyes, colorimetric, medical, textilesAbstract
The pH levels in biofluids, including sweat, wound exudates, tears, and saliva, indicate hydration status, dermatological conditions, and underlying health issues such as kidney disease. The rapid development of wearable technology in health monitoring has led to considerable interest in textile-based wearable sensors, owing to their flexibility, comfort, breathability, biodegradability and diverse fabrication methodologies. Although there are numerous reviews on textile-based wearable sensors, a thorough review specifically addressing wearable textile-based pH sensors is lacking. The objective of this review is to present a comprehensive analysis of the current status of research on textile-based colorimetric pH sensors, highlighting their prospective applications in non-invasive health monitoring. Key textile substrates, pH-sensitive dyes, surface functionalization techniques, dye immobilization strategies, and innovative fabrication methods are discussed. Possible limitations of colorimetric sensors, including dye leaching, stability challenges, accuracy issues, and inadequate reversibility are summarized, and research initiatives aimed at improving sensor performance, durability, and wearability, such as encapsulation, multi-layer coatings, sol-gel methods, hydrogels, printing, chemical and physical bonding, and printing, are included. Besides, novel techniques such as nanofiber-based dye encapsulation and sensor miniaturization, and enhancement of sensor sensitivity, dye retention, and response time, are highlighted. This work will shed light on future development of textile-based pH sensors for wearable, non-invasive and reliable medical applications.
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